International Disputes Blog

Sometimes compelling arbitration is simple. If the parties to a dispute signed an agreement to arbitrate, a signatory would normally be able to use that agreement as a basis to move to compel arbitration pursuant to the agreement and the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, aka the “New York Convention.” Other times, the issues are much more complex, and compelling arbitration requires a deeper analysis and nuanced arguments.

For example, what happens if a nonsignatory were to seek to compel arbitration under some other basis, such as promissory estoppel? Does the New York Convention support compelling arbitration in such a circumstance? In GE Energy Power Conversion France SAS, Corp. v. Outokumpu Stainless USA, LLC, 140 S. Ct. 1637, 1644 (2020), the U.S. Supreme Court decided that parties are not limited to the New York Convention as a basis to compel arbitration, but can rely on broader “domestic laws that are more generous in enforcing arbitration agreements.” In particular, the U.S. Supreme Court held that a nonsignatory can rely on the state law doctrine of equitable estoppel as an argument to compel arbitration. While the Outokumpu decision stopped short of confirming that equitable estoppel is a definitive basis for compelling arbitration, the U.S. Supreme Court made one important finding: where the New York Convention is silent, litigants can use domestic laws to fill in the gaps, and argue additional bases to compel arbitration.

This may be good news for those non-typical circumstances, where a state law doctrine can be invoked to provide additional bases to compel a dispute to arbitration. In Outokumpu, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the view that the New York Convention is restrictive, and instead found that Article II contemplates “the use of domestic doctrines to fill gaps in the Convention” and that Article II does not prohibit the application of domestic law. This decision speaks volumes and will most certainly fuel a wide scope of new arguments by counsel as to why certain matters should be compelled to arbitration.

While it remains to be seen how lower courts will apply the Outokumpu decision on a “case-by-case basis” as suggested by Justice Sotomayor in her concurring opinion, one thing is clear: Outokumpu provides additional access to sophisticated tools to those litigants seeking to compel their matter to arbitration. Given the complexities of business transactions in the 21^st century, decisions like Outokumpu provide additional support to litigants to build a case for compelling a matter to arbitration, even when the underlying documents may not fit the classic frame.